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建立时间:2005年12月29日




[编程学习]windows实用命令集合
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newqiang 发表于 2006/3/6 10:10:41

 windows实用命令集合     -|天地一沙鸥 发表于 2005-4-21 11:03:00        winver---------检查windows版本     wmimgmt.msc----打开windows管理体系结构(wmi)     wupdmgr--------windows更新程序     wscript--------windows脚本宿主设置     write----------写字板     winmsd---------系统信息     wiaacmgr-------扫描仪和照相机向导     winchat--------xp自带局域网聊天     mem.exe--------显示内存使用情况     msconfig.exe---系统配置实用程序     mplayer2-------简易widnows media player     mspaint--------画图板     mstsc----------远程桌面连接     mplayer2-------媒体播放机     magnify--------放大镜实用程序     mmc------------打开控制台     mobsync--------同步命令   ------------------------------------------------------------------------------      dxdiag---------检查directx信息     drwtsn32------ 系统医生     devmgmt.msc--- 设备管理器     dfrg.msc-------磁盘碎片整理程序     diskmgmt.msc---磁盘管理实用程序     dcomcnfg-------打开系统组件服务     ddeshare-------打开dde共享设置     dvdplay--------dvd播放器   --------------------------------------------------------------------------------     net stop messenger-----停止信使服务     net start messenger----开始信使服务     notepad--------打开记事本     nslookup-------网络管理的工具向导     ntbackup-------系统备份和还原     narrator-------屏幕"讲述人"     ntmsmgr.msc----移动存储管理器     ntmsoprq.msc---移动存储管理员操作请求     netstat -an----(tc)命令检查接口   --------------------------------------------------------------------------------     syncapp--------创建一个公文包     sysedit--------系统配置编辑器     sigverif-------文件签名验证程序     sndrec32-------录音机     shrpubw--------创建共享文件夹     secpol.msc-----本地安全策略     syskey---------系统加密,一旦加密就不能解开,保护windows xp系统的双重密码     services.msc---本地服务设置     sndvol32-------音量控制程序     sfc.exe--------系统文件检查器     sfc /scannow---windows文件保护   --------------------------------------------------------------------------------     tsshutdn-------60秒倒计时关机命令     tourstart------xp简介(安装完成后出现的漫游xp程序)     taskmgr--------任务管理器   --------------------------------------------------------------------------------     eventvwr-------事件查看器     eudcedit-------造字程序     explorer-------打开资源管理器   --------------------------------------------------------------------------------     packager-------对象包装程序     perfmon.msc----计算机性能监测程序     progman--------程序管理器   --------------------------------------------------------------------------------     regedit.exe----注册表     rsop.msc-------组策略结果集     regedt32-------注册表编辑器     rononce -p ----15秒关机     regsvr32 /u *.dll----停止dll文件运行     regsvr32 /u zipfldr.dll------取消zip支持   --------------------------------------------------------------------------------     cmd.exe--------cmd命令提示符     chkdsk.exe-----chkdsk磁盘检查     certmgr.msc----证书管理实用程序     calc-----------启动计算器     charmap--------启动字符映射表     cliconfg-------sql server 客户端网络实用程序     clipbrd--------剪贴板查看器     conf-----------启动netmeeting     compmgmt.msc---计算机管理     cleanmgr-------垃圾整理     ciadv.msc------索引服务程序   --------------------------------------------------------------------------------     osk------------打开屏幕键盘     odbcad32-------odbc数据源管理器     oobe/msoobe /a----检查xp是否激活     lusrmgr.msc----本机用户和组     logoff---------注销命令    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------     iexpress-------木马捆绑工具,系统自带   --------------------------------------------------------------------------------     nslookup-------ip地址侦测器   --------------------------------------------------------------------------------     fsmgmt.msc-----共享文件夹管理器   --------------------------------------------------------------------------------        utilman--------辅助工具管理器 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------      gpedit.msc-----组策略     [阅读全文 | 回复 | 引用通告]  -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ·[实用技巧]利用google突破各种封锁来下载你要的东西     -|天地一沙鸥 发表于 2005-4-21 10:51:00      在搜索框上输入: "index of/ "  inurl:lib 再按搜索你将进入许多图书馆,并且一定能下载自己喜欢的书籍。   在搜索框上输入: "index of /"  cnki 再按搜索你就可以找到许多图书馆的CNKI、VIP、超星等入口!   在搜索框上输入: "index of /"  ppt 再按搜索你就可以突破网站入口下载powerpint作品!   在搜索框上输入: "index of /"  mp3 再按搜索你就可以突破网站入口下载mp3、rm等影视作品!   在搜索框上输入: "index of /"  swf 再按搜索你就可以突破网站入口下载flash作品!   在搜索框上输入: "index of /"  要下载的软件名 再按搜索你就可以突破网站入口下载软件!   注意引号应是英文的!   再透露一下,如果你输入:   "index of /"  AVI   你会找到什么呢?同理,把AVI换为MPEG看看又会找到什么呢?呵呵!接下来不用我再教了吧?  [阅读全文 | 回复 | 引用通告]  -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ·[AI]一点遗传算法代码(转)     -|天地一沙鸥 发表于 2005-4-21 10:37:00    下面是我前年做的GACS(连续空间的遗传算法),没有用到特殊算子。另外还有一个曲线拟合的简单例子,可以参考使用方法。#ifndef _GACS_H#define _GACS_H #i nclude <stdio.h>#i nclude <stdlib.h> typedef float ALLELE; typedef struct{     ALLELE *chrom;     float   fitness;           // fitness of Chromosome}INDIVIDUAL; class TPopulation{   public:      INDIVIDUAL *pop;      int   size;               // Size of population      int   lchrom;             // Length of chromosome      float sumfitness,average;      INDIVIDUAL *fmin,*fmax;    TPopulation(int popsize,int strlength);   ~TPopulation();    INDIVIDUAL* CreatIndividual();   void   ClrIndividual(INDIVIDUAL *p);   void   InitIndividual(INDIVIDUAL *p=NULL);   inline INDIVIDUAL &Individual(int i){ return pop[i];};   void   FillFitness();//   virtual void   FillFitness();//   virtual void  ObjectFunction(INDIVIDUAL &x)=0; // Object's fitnessfunction    virtual void Statistics();}; class TGACS : public TPopulation{   public:      float pcross;             // Pobobility of Crossover      float pmutation;          // Pobobility of Mutation      int gen;                  // Counter of generation    TGACS(int size,int strlength,float pm=0.0333,float pc=0.6):      TPopulation(size,strlength)      {gen=0; pcross=pc; pmutation=pm;  } ;   virtual INDIVIDUAL& Select();   virtual void  Crossover(INDIVIDUAL &parent1,INDIVIDUAL &parent2,                           INDIVIDUAL &child1, INDIVIDUAL &child2);   virtual ALLELE Mutation(ALLELE alleleval);//   virtual void  ObjectFunction(INDIVIDUAL &x)=0; // Object's fitnessfunction   virtual void   Generate();}; extern void  ObjectFunction(INDIVIDUAL &x); // Object's fitness functioninline float random();inline int   flip(float p); #endif/********************************************************************   This Program is a Simple Genetic Algrithm according to     Genetic Algrithm in search, Optimization & Machine Learning     Written by David E. Goldberg,1989      Author: Wang Jun,             1994.10                Robot Lab. A.C. dept. HUST*********************************************************************/ #i nclude <mem.h>#i nclude "gacs.h" TPopulation::TPopulation(int popsize,int strlength){   pop=NULL;   size=popsize;  lchrom=strlength;   average=0;   randomize();  InitIndividual();} TPopulation::~TPopulation(){   ClrIndividual(pop);} void TPopulation::ClrIndividual(INDIVIDUAL *p){   for(int i=0;i<size;i++)      delete p[i].chrom;   delete  p;} INDIVIDUAL *TPopulation::CreatIndividual(){   INDIVIDUAL *p;    p=new INDIVIDUAL[size+1];   for(int i=0;i<size;i++){      p[i].chrom=new ALLELE[lchrom+1];      p[i].chrom[lchrom]=0;   }   return p;} void TPopulation::InitIndividual(INDIVIDUAL *p){   int i,j;    if(pop)    ClrIndividual(pop);   if(p==NULL){      pop=CreatIndividual();      for(i=0;i<size;i++)         for(j=0;j<lchrom;j++)            Individual(i).chrom[j]=random();   }   else pop=p;   FillFitness();   Statistics();} /*  Statistic of population *    To get the sum & average of fitness *       and the max & min fitness indivdual */void  TPopulation::Statistics(){   fmin=&Individual(0);   fmax=&Individual(0);   sumfitness=Individual(0).fitness;   for(int j=1;j<size;j++){      INDIVIDUAL &x=Individual(j);      if(x.fitness>fmax->fitness) fmax=&x;      // To find the maxfitnessone      if(x.fitness<fmin->fitness) fmin=&x;      // To find the minfitnessone      sumfitness += x.fitness;   }   average=sumfitness/size;} void TPopulation::FillFitness(){   for(int i=0;i<size;i++) ObjectFunction(Individual(i));} /*  Select a single INDIVIDUAL via roulette wheel selection *    through a roulette with a slot */INDIVIDUAL &TGACS::Select(){   float rnd,partsum;   int j;    rnd = random()*sumfitness;   for(partsum=0.0,j=0;j<size;j++){      partsum += Individual(j).fitness;      if(partsum>=rnd) break;   }   return Individual(j);} // cross 2 parent strings, place in 2 child stringsvoid  TGACS::Crossover(INDIVIDUAL &parent1,INDIVIDUAL &parent2,                             INDIVIDUAL &child1, INDIVIDUAL &child2){   int j,jcross;    if(flip(pcross))   jcross=random(lchrom-1);  else jcross=lchrom;   for(j=0;j<jcross;j++){      child1.chrom[j]=Mutation(parent1.chrom[j]);      child2.chrom[j]=Mutation(parent2.chrom[j]);   }   for(;j<lchrom;j++){      child1.chrom[j]=Mutation(parent2.chrom[j]);      child2.chrom[j]=Mutation(parent1.chrom[j]);   }} ALLELE TGACS::Mutation(ALLELE alleleval){   if(!flip(pmutation))  return alleleval;   float t=alleleval+( (random(2)) ? (random()/2) : (-random()/2) );   if(t>1) t=1;   if(t<0) t=0;   return    t;} /* Creat next generation     Select -->  Crossover  -->  Mutation     *** Keep 2 copies of the best one */void TGACS::Generate(){   INDIVIDUAL *newpop;   ALLELE t;   newpop=CreatIndividual();   memcpy(newpop[0].chrom,fmax->chrom,(sizeof t)*lchrom);   memcpy(newpop[1].chrom,fmax->chrom,(sizeof t)*lchrom);   for(int i=2;i<size;i+=2){      INDIVIDUAL &mate1=Select();      INDIVIDUAL &mate2=Select();      Crossover(mate1,mate2,newpop[i],newpop[i+1]);   }   InitIndividual(newpop);   gen++;} /* return a random float between 0 and 1 */inline float random()/* return a random float between 0 and 1 */inline float random(){   return rand()/(float)RAND_MAX;} /* return TRUE by probobility of p */inline int flip(float p){   return random()<p;} GACS -- Genetic Algorithms in Continuous Space----------------------------------------------      Worked by Wang Jun, 1994, ROBOT LAB HUST Structure:----------        ALLELE          float;          parameter        chrom           ALLELE[lchrom];        INDIVIDUAL      chrom,fitness;Class:------        TPOPULATION     INDIVIDUAL[size];                        FillFitness();                        Statistics();        TGACS           TPOPULATION;                        Select();                        Crossover();                       Mutation();                        Generate();        TGACSUser       TGACS;                        decode();                        ObjectFunction(); Notes:------1. Every ALLELE means 1 parameter and regulized to [0,1].2. When Crossover, keep 2 copies of the best individual.   [阅读全文 | 回复 | 引用通告]  -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ·[VC++(MFC)]几个 Microsoft-Specific Predefined Macros     -|天地一沙鸥 发表于 2005-4-17 21:41:00    Table 1.2   Microsoft-Specific Predefined Macros Macro Description _CHAR_UNSIGNED Default char type is unsigned. Defined when /J is specified.  __cplusplus Defined for C++ programs only. _CPPRTTI Defined for code compiled with /GR (Enable Run-Time Type Information). _CPPUNWIND Defined for code compiled with /GX (Enable Exception Handling). _DLL Defined when /MD or /MDd (Multithread DLL) is specified. _M_ALPHA Defined for DEC ALPHA platforms. It is defined as 1 by the ALPHA compiler, and it is not defined if another compiler is used. _M_IX86 Defined for x86 processors. See Table 1.3 for more details. _M_MPPC Defined for Power Macintosh platforms. Default is 601 (/QP601). See Table 1.4 for more details. _M_MRX000 Defined for MIPS platforms. Default is 4000 (/QMR4000). See Table 1.5 for more details. _M_PPC Defined for PowerPC platforms. Default is 604 (/QP604). See Table 1.6 for more details. _MFC_VER Defines the MFC version. Defined as 0x0421 for Microsoft Foundation Class Library 4.21. Always defined. _MSC_EXTENSIONS This macro is defined when compiling with the /Ze compiler option (the default).  Its value, when defined, is 1. _MSC_VER Defines the compiler version. Defined as 1200 for Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0. Always defined. _MT Defined when /MD or /MDd (Multithreaded DLL) or /MT or /MTd (Multithreaded) is specified.  _WIN32 Defined for applications for Win32®. Always defined.  As shown in following tables, the compiler generates a value for the preprocessor identifiers that reflect the processor option specified. Form MSDN  [阅读全文 | 回复 | 引用通告]  -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ·[Codes]获得CPU的信息     -|天地一沙鸥 发表于 2005-4-17 21:38:00    #i nclude <conio.h>#i nclude <iostream> #pragma hdrstop#pragma inline//#pragma argsused using namespace std; int main(){ char OEMString[13];  int iEAXValue, iEBXValue, iECXValue, iEDXValue;  _asm {  mov eax, 0  cpuid  mov DWORD PTR OEMString, ebx  mov DWORD PTR OEMString + 4, edx  mov DWORD PTR OEMString + 8, ecx  mov BYTE PTR OEMString + 12, 0 }  cout << "This CPU's OEM String is:"   << OEMString    << endl;  _asm {  mov eax, 1  cpuid  mov iEAXValue, eax  mov iEBXValue, ebx  mov iECXValue, ecx  mov iEDXValue, edx }  if(iEDXValue & 0x800000)  cout << "This is MMX CPU"    << endl;  int iCPUFamily = (0xf00 & iEAXValue) >> 8;  cout << "CPU Family is:"   << iCPUFamily    << endl;  _asm {  mov eax, 2  cpuid }  return 0;} [阅读全文 | 回复 | 引用通告]  -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ·[VC++(MFC)]FMD开发文集 -- CArchive原理     -|天地一沙鸥 发表于 2005-4-17 1:06:00           FMD开发文集 -- CArchive原理作者:冯明德 MFC 提供CArchive类实现数据的缓冲区读写,同时定义了类对象的存储与读取方案。 以下对CArchvie 的内部实现作分析。 1.概述 2.内部数据 3.基本数据读写 4.缓冲区的更新 5.指定长度数据段落的读写 6.字符串的读写 7.CObject派生对象的读写  一.概述 CArchive使用了缓冲区,即一段内存空间作为临时数据存储地,对CArchive的读写都先依次排列到此缓冲区,当缓冲区满或用户要求时,将此段整理后的数据读写到指定的存储煤质。 当建立CArchive对象时,应指定其模式是用于缓冲区读,还是用于缓冲区写。 可以这样理解,CArchive对象相当于铁路的货运练调度站,零散的货物被收集,当总量到达火车运量的时候,由火车装运走。 当接到火车的货物时,则货物由被分散到各自的货主。与货运不同的是,交货、取货是按时间循序执行的,而不是凭票据。因此必须保证送货的和取货的货主按同样的循序去存或取。 对于大型的货物,则是拆散成火车单位,运走,取货时,依次取各部分,组装成原物。  二.内部数据 缓冲区指针 BYTE* m_lpBufStart,指向缓冲区,这个缓冲区有可能是底层CFile(如派生类CMemFile)对象提供的,但一般是CArchive自己建立的。 缓冲区尾部指针 BYTE* m_lpBufMax; 缓冲区当前位置指针 BYTE* m_lpBufCur; 初始化时,如果是读模式,当前位置在尾部,如果是写模式,当前位置在头部: m_lpBufCur = (IsLoading()) ? m_lpBufMax : m_lpBufStart; 三.基本数据读写 对于基本的数据类型,例如字节、双字等,可以直接使用">>"、"<<"符号进行读出、写入。 //操作符定义捕: //插入操作CArchive& operator<<(BYTE by);CArchive& operator<<(WORD w);CArchive& operator<<(LONG l);CArchive& operator<<(DWORD dw);CArchive& operator<<(float f);CArchive& operator<<(double d);CArchive& operator<<(int i);CArchive& operator<<(short w);CArchive& operator<<(char ch);CArchive& operator<<(unsigned u); //提取操作CArchive& operator>>(BYTE& by);CArchive& operator>>(WORD& w);CArchive& operator>>(DWORD& dw);CArchive& operator>>(LONG& l);CArchive& operator>>(float& f);CArchive& operator>>(double& d); CArchive& operator>>(int& i);CArchive& operator>>(short& w);CArchive& operator>>(char& ch);CArchive& operator>>(unsigned& u);下面以双字为例,分析原码 双字的插入(写) CArchive& CArchive::operator<<(DWORD dw){ if (m_lpBufCur + sizeof(DWORD) > m_lpBufMax) //缓冲区空间不够  Flush();  //缓冲区内容提交到实际存储煤质。  if (!(m_nMode & bNoByteSwap))  _AfxByteSwap(dw, m_lpBufCur);  //处理字节顺序 else  *(DWORD*)m_lpBufCur = dw;      //添入缓冲区  m_lpBufCur += sizeof(DWORD);     //移动当前指针 return *this;} 双字的提取(读) CArchive& CArchive::operator>>(DWORD& dw){ if (m_lpBufCur + sizeof(DWORD) > m_lpBufMax) //缓冲区要读完了  FillBuffer(sizeof(DWORD) - (UINT)(m_lpBufMax - m_lpBufCur));  //重新读入内容到缓冲区  dw = *(DWORD*)m_lpBufCur;  //读取双字 m_lpBufCur += sizeof(DWORD); //移动当前位置指针  if (!(m_nMode & bNoByteSwap))  _AfxByteSwap(dw, (BYTE*)&dw);  //处理字节顺序 return *this;}  四.缓冲区的更新 以上操作中,当缓冲区将插入满或缓冲区将提取空时,都将对缓冲区进行更新处理。 缓冲区将插入满时调用Flush(); void CArchive::Flush(){ ASSERT_VALID(m_pFile); ASSERT(m_bDirectBuffer || m_lpBufStart != NULL); ASSERT(m_bDirectBuffer || m_lpBufCur != NULL); ASSERT(m_lpBufStart == NULL ||  AfxIsValidAddress(m_lpBufStart, m_lpBufMax - m_lpBufStart, IsStoring())); ASSERT(m_lpBufCur == NULL ||  AfxIsValidAddress(m_lpBufCur, m_lpBufMax - m_lpBufCur, IsStoring()));  if (IsLoading()) {  // unget the characters in the buffer, seek back unused amount  if (m_lpBufMax != m_lpBufCur)   m_pFile-> Seek(-(m_lpBufMax - m_lpBufCur), CFile::current);  m_lpBufCur = m_lpBufMax;    // 指向尾 } else   //写模式 {  if (!m_bDirectBuffer)  {   // 内容写入到文件   if (m_lpBufCur != m_lpBufStart)    m_pFile-> Write(m_lpBufStart, m_lpBufCur - m_lpBufStart);  }  else  {   //如果是直接针对内存区域的的(例如CMemFile中) (只需移动相关指针,指向新的一块内存)   if (m_lpBufCur != m_lpBufStart)    m_pFile-> GetBufferPtr(CFile::bufferCommit, m_lpBufCur - m_lpBufStart);   // get next buffer   VERIFY(m_pFile-> GetBufferPtr(CFile::bufferWrite, m_nBufSize,    (void**)&m_lpBufStart, (void**)&m_lpBufMax) == (UINT)m_nBufSize);   ASSERT((UINT)m_nBufSize == (UINT)(m_lpBufMax - m_lpBufStart));  }  m_lpBufCur = m_lpBufStart; //指向缓冲区首 }}缓冲区将提取空,会调用FillBuffer。 nBytesNeeded为当前剩余部分上尚有用的字节void CArchive::FillBuffer(UINT nBytesNeeded){ ASSERT_VALID(m_pFile); ASSERT(IsLoading()); ASSERT(m_bDirectBuffer || m_lpBufStart != NULL); ASSERT(m_bDirectBuffer || m_lpBufCur != NULL); ASSERT(nBytesNeeded > 0); ASSERT(nBytesNeeded <= (UINT)m_nBufSize); ASSERT(m_lpBufStart == NULL ||  AfxIsValidAddress(m_lpBufStart, m_lpBufMax - m_lpBufStart, FALSE)); ASSERT(m_lpBufCur == NULL ||  AfxIsValidAddress(m_lpBufCur, m_lpBufMax - m_lpBufCur, FALSE));  UINT nUnused = m_lpBufMax - m_lpBufCur; ULONG nTotalNeeded = ((ULONG)nBytesNeeded) + nUnused;  // 从文件中读取 if (!m_bDirectBuffer) {  ASSERT(m_lpBufCur != NULL);  ASSERT(m_lpBufStart != NULL);  ASSERT(m_lpBufMax != NULL);   if (m_lpBufCur > m_lpBufStart)  {   //保留剩余的尚未处理的部分,将它们移动到头   if ((int)nUnused > 0)   {    memmove(m_lpBufStart, m_lpBufCur, nUnused);    m_lpBufCur = m_lpBufStart;    m_lpBufMax = m_lpBufStart + nUnused;   }    // read to satisfy nBytesNeeded or nLeft if possible   UINT nRead = nUnused;   UINT nLeft = m_nBufSize-nUnused;   UINT nBytes;   BYTE* lpTemp = m_lpBufStart + nUnused;   do   {    nBytes = m_pFile-> Read(lpTemp, nLeft);    lpTemp = lpTemp + nBytes;    nRead += nBytes;    nLeft -= nBytes;   }   while (nBytes > 0 && nLeft > 0 && nRead < nBytesNeeded);    m_lpBufCur = m_lpBufStart;   m_lpBufMax = m_lpBufStart + nRead;  } } else {  // 如果是针对内存区域(CMemFile),移动相关指针,指向新的一块内存  if (nUnused != 0)   m_pFile-> Seek(-(LONG)nUnused, CFile::current);  UINT nActual = m_pFile-> GetBufferPtr(CFile::bufferRead, m_nBufSize,   (void**)&m_lpBufStart, (void**)&m_lpBufMax);  ASSERT(nActual == (UINT)(m_lpBufMax - m_lpBufStart));  m_lpBufCur = m_lpBufStart; }  // not enough data to fill request? if ((ULONG)(m_lpBufMax - m_lpBufCur) < nTotalNeeded)  AfxThrowArchiveException(CArchiveException::endOfFile);}  五.指定长度数据段落的读写 以下分析 UINT Read(void* lpBuf, UINT nMax); 读取长度为nMax的数据 void Write(const void* lpBuf, UINT nMax); 写入指定长度nMax的数据 对于大段数据的读写,先使用当前缓冲区中的内容或空间读取或写入,若这些空间够用了,则结束。 否则,从剩余的数据中找出最大的缓冲区整数倍大小的一块数据,直接读写到存储煤质(不反复使用缓冲区)。 剩余的余数部分,再使用缓冲区读写。 (说明:缓冲区读写的主要目的是将零散的数据以缓冲区大小为尺度来处理。对于大型数据,其中间的部分,不是零散的数据,使用缓冲区已经没有意思,故直接读写) ①读取 UINT CArchive::Read(void* lpBuf, UINT nMax){ ASSERT_VALID(m_pFile); if (nMax == 0)  return 0;  UINT nMaxTemp = nMax;  //还需要读入的长度,读入一部分,就减相应数值,直到此数值变为零  //处理当前缓冲区中剩余部分。 //如果要求读入字节小于缓冲区中剩余部分,则第一部分为要求读入的字节数, //否则读入全部剩余部分  UINT nTemp = min(nMaxTemp, (UINT)(m_lpBufMax - m_lpBufCur));    memcpy(lpBuf, m_lpBufCur, nTemp); m_lpBufCur += nTemp; lpBuf = (BYTE*)lpBuf + nTemp; //移动读出内容所在区域的指针 nMaxTemp -= nTemp;  //当前缓冲区中剩余部分不够要求读入的长度。 //还有字节需要读,则需要根据需要执行若干次填充缓冲区,读出,直到读出指定字节。 if (nMaxTemp != 0)   {  //计算出去除尾数部分的字节大小(整数个缓冲区大小)   //对于这些部分,字节从文件对象中读出,放到输出缓冲区  nTemp = nMaxTemp - (nMaxTemp % m_nBufSize);    UINT nRead = 0;   UINT nLeft = nTemp;  UINT nBytes;  do  {   nBytes = m_pFile-> Read(lpBuf, nLeft); //要求读入此整数缓冲区部分大小   lpBuf = (BYTE*)lpBuf + nBytes;   nRead += nBytes;   nLeft -= nBytes;  }  while ((nBytes > 0) && (nLeft > 0)); 知道读入了预定大小,或到达文件尾   nMaxTemp -= nRead;   if (nRead == nTemp) //读入的字节等于读入的整数倍部分  该读最后的余数部分了  {   // 建立装有此最后余数部分的内容的CArchive的工作缓冲区。   if (!m_bDirectBuffer)   {    UINT nLeft = max(nMaxTemp, (UINT)m_nBufSize);    UINT nBytes;    BYTE* lpTemp = m_lpBufStart;    nRead = 0;    do    {     nBytes = m_pFile-> Read(lpTemp, nLeft);  //从文件中读入到CArchive缓冲区     lpTemp = lpTemp + nBytes;     nRead += nBytes;     nLeft -= nBytes;    }    while ((nBytes > 0) && (nLeft > 0) && nRead < nMaxTemp);     m_lpBufCur = m_lpBufStart;    m_lpBufMax = m_lpBufStart + nRead;   }   else   {    nRead = m_pFile-> GetBufferPtr(CFile::bufferRead, m_nBufSize,     (void**)&m_lpBufStart, (void**)&m_lpBufMax);    ASSERT(nRead == (UINT)(m_lpBufMax - m_lpBufStart));    m_lpBufCur = m_lpBufStart;   }    //读出此剩余部分到输出   nTemp = min(nMaxTemp, (UINT)(m_lpBufMax - m_lpBufCur));   memcpy(lpBuf, m_lpBufCur, nTemp);   m_lpBufCur += nTemp;   nMaxTemp -= nTemp;  }   } return nMax - nMaxTemp;} ②保存,写入 void CArchive::Write(const void* lpBuf, UINT nMax){ if (nMax == 0)  return;  //读入可能的部分到缓冲区当前的剩余部分  UINT nTemp = min(nMax, (UINT)(m_lpBufMax - m_lpBufCur)); memcpy(m_lpBufCur, lpBuf, nTemp); m_lpBufCur += nTemp; lpBuf = (BYTE*)lpBuf + nTemp; nMax -= nTemp;  if (nMax > 0)  //还有未写入的部分 {  Flush();    //将当前缓冲区写入到存储煤质   //计算出整数倍缓冲区大小的字节数  nTemp = nMax - (nMax % m_nBufSize);  m_pFile-> Write(lpBuf, nTemp);  //直接写到文件  lpBuf = (BYTE*)lpBuf + nTemp;  nMax -= nTemp;   //剩余部分添加到缓冲区  if (m_bDirectBuffer)  {   // sync up direct mode buffer to new file position   VERIFY(m_pFile-> GetBufferPtr(CFile::bufferWrite, m_nBufSize,    (void**)&m_lpBufStart, (void**)&m_lpBufMax) == (UINT)m_nBufSize);   ASSERT((UINT)m_nBufSize == (UINT)(m_lpBufMax - m_lpBufStart));   m_lpBufCur = m_lpBufStart;  }   // copy remaining to active buffer  ASSERT(nMax < (UINT)m_nBufSize);  ASSERT(m_lpBufCur == m_lpBufStart);  memcpy(m_lpBufCur, lpBuf, nMax);  m_lpBufCur += nMax; }}  六.字符串的读写 ①CArchive提供的WriteString和ReadString 字符串写 void CArchive::WriteString(LPCTSTR lpsz){ ASSERT(AfxIsValidString(lpsz)); Write(lpsz, lstrlen(lpsz) * sizeof(TCHAR));  //调用Write,将字符串对应的一段数据写入} 字符串读(读取一行字符串) LPTSTR CArchive::ReadString(LPTSTR lpsz, UINT nMax){ // if nMax is negative (such a large number doesn''t make sense given today''s // 2gb address space), then assume it to mean "keep the newline". int nStop = (int)nMax < 0 ? -(int)nMax : (int)nMax; ASSERT(AfxIsValidAddress(lpsz, (nStop+1) * sizeof(TCHAR)));  _TUCHAR ch; int nRead = 0;  TRY {  while (nRead < nStop)  {   *this >> ch;  //读出一个字节    // stop and end-of-line (trailing ''\n'' is ignored)  遇换行—回车   if (ch == ''\n'' || ch == ''\r'')   {    if (ch == ''\r'')     *this >> ch;    // store the newline when called with negative nMax    if ((int)nMax != nStop)     lpsz[nRead++] = ch;    break;   }   lpsz[nRead++] = ch;  } } CATCH(CArchiveException, e) {  if (e-> m_cause == CArchiveException::endOfFile)  {   DELETE_EXCEPTION(e);   if (nRead == 0)    return NULL;  }  else  {   THROW_LAST();  } } END_CATCH  lpsz[nRead] = ''\0''; return lpsz;} ReadString到CString对象,可以多行字符 BOOL CArchive::ReadString(CString& rString){ rString = &afxChNil;    // empty string without deallocating const int nMaxSize = 128; LPTSTR lpsz = rString.GetBuffer(nMaxSize); LPTSTR lpszResult; int nLen; for (;;) {  lpszResult = ReadString(lpsz, (UINT)-nMaxSize); // store the newline  rString.ReleaseBuffer();   // if string is read completely or EOF  if (lpszResult == NULL ||   (nLen = lstrlen(lpsz)) < nMaxSize ||   lpsz[nLen-1] == ''\n'')  {   break;  }   nLen = rString.GetLength();  lpsz = rString.GetBuffer(nMaxSize + nLen) + nLen; }  // remove ''\n'' from end of string if present lpsz = rString.GetBuffer(0); nLen = rString.GetLength(); if (nLen != 0 && lpsz[nLen-1] == ''\n'')  rString.GetBufferSetLength(nLen-1);  return lpszResult != NULL;} ②使用CString对象的"<<"与">>"符读写字符串 CString定义了输入输出符,可以象基本类型的数据一样使用CArchive 的操作符定义 friend CArchive& AFXAPI operator<<(CArchive& ar, const CString& string);friend CArchive& AFXAPI operator>>(CArchive& ar, CString& string);// CString serialization code// String format://      UNICODE strings are always prefixed by 0xff, 0xfffe//      if < 0xff chars: len:BYTE, TCHAR chars//      if >= 0xff characters: 0xff, len:WORD, TCHAR chars//      if >= 0xfffe characters: 0xff, 0xffff, len:DWORD, TCHARs CArchive& AFXAPI operator<<(CArchive& ar, const CString& string){ // special signature to recognize unicode strings#ifdef _UNICODE ar << (BYTE)0xff; ar << (WORD)0xfffe;#endif  if (string.GetData()-> nDataLength < 255) {  ar << (BYTE)string.GetData()-> nDataLength; } else if (string.GetData()-> nDataLength < 0xfffe) {  ar << (BYTE)0xff;  ar << (WORD)string.GetData()-> nDataLength; } else {  ar << (BYTE)0xff;  ar << (WORD)0xffff;  ar << (DWORD)string.GetData()-> nDataLength; } ar.Write(string.m_pchData, string.GetData()-> nDataLength*sizeof(TCHAR)); return ar;} // return string length or -1 if UNICODE string is found in the archiveAFX_STATIC UINT AFXAPI _AfxReadStringLength(CArchive& ar){ DWORD nNewLen;  // attempt BYTE length first BYTE bLen; ar >> bLen;  if (bLen < 0xff)  return bLen;  // attempt WORD length WORD wLen; ar >> wLen; if (wLen == 0xfffe) {  // UNICODE string prefix (length will follow)  return (UINT)-1; } else if (wLen == 0xffff) {  // read DWORD of length  ar >> nNewLen;  return (UINT)nNewLen; } else  return wLen;} CArchive& AFXAPI operator>>(CArchive& ar, CString& string){#ifdef _UNICODE int nConvert = 1;   // if we get ANSI, convert#else int nConvert = 0;   // if we get UNICODE, convert#endif  UINT nNewLen = _AfxReadStringLength(ar); if (nNewLen == (UINT)-1) {  nConvert = 1 - nConvert;  nNewLen = _AfxReadStringLength(ar);  ASSERT(nNewLen != -1); }  // set length of string to new length UINT nByteLen = nNewLen;#ifdef _UNICODE string.GetBufferSetLength((int)nNewLen); nByteLen += nByteLen * (1 - nConvert);  // bytes to read#else nByteLen += nByteLen * nConvert;    // bytes to read if (nNewLen == 0)  string.GetBufferSetLength(0); else  string.GetBufferSetLength((int)nByteLen+nConvert);#endif  // read in the characters if (nNewLen != 0) {  ASSERT(nByteLen != 0);   // read new data  if (ar.Read(string.m_pchData, nByteLen) != nByteLen)   AfxThrowArchiveException(CArchiveException::endOfFile);   // convert the data if as necessary  if (nConvert != 0)  {#ifdef _UNICODE   CStringData* pOldData = string.GetData();   LPSTR lpsz = (LPSTR)string.m_pchData;#else   CStringData* pOldData = string.GetData();   LPWSTR lpsz = (LPWSTR)string.m_pchData;#endif   lpsz[nNewLen] = ''\0'';    // must be NUL terminated   string.Init();   // don''t delete the old data   string = lpsz;   // convert with operator=(LPWCSTR)   CString::FreeData(pOldData);  } } return ar;}  七.CObject派生对象的读写 MFC中多数类都从CObject类派生,CObject类与CArchive类有着良好的合作关系,能实现将对象序列化储存到文件或其他媒介中去,或者读取预先储存的对象,动态建立对象等功能。 ①CObject定义了针对CArvhive的输入输出操作符,可以向其他基本数据类型一样使用"<<"、"<<"符号 CArchive& AFXAPI operator<<(CArchive& ar, const CObject* pOb) { ar.WriteObject(pOb); return ar; }CArchive& AFXAPI operator>>(CArchive& ar, CObject*& pOb) { pOb = ar.ReadObject(NULL); return ar; } 当使用这些符号时,实际上执行的是CArchive的WriteObject和ReadObject成员 ②WriteObject与ReadObject 在WriteObject与ReadObject中先写入或读取运行时类信息(CRuntimeClas),再调用Serialze(..),按其中的代码读写具体的对象数据。 因此,只要在CObject派生类中重载Serilize()函数,写入具体的读写过程,就可以使对象具有存储与创建能力。 //将对象写入到缓冲区void CArchive::WriteObject(const CObject* pOb){ DWORD nObIndex; // make sure m_pStoreMap is initialized MapObject(NULL);  if (pOb == NULL) {  // save out null tag to represent NULL pointer  *this << wNullTag; } else if ((nObIndex = (DWORD)(*m_pStoreMap)[(void*)pOb]) != 0)  // assumes initialized to 0 map {  // save out index of already stored object  if (nObIndex < wBigObjectTag)   *this << (WORD)nObIndex;  else  {   *this << wBigObjectTag;   *this << nObIndex;  } } else {  // write class of object first  CRuntimeClass* pClassRef = pOb-> GetRuntimeClass();  WriteClass(pClassRef);  //写入运行类信息   // enter in stored object table, checking for overflow  CheckCount();  (*m_pStoreMap)[(void*)pOb] = (void*)m_nMapCount++;   // 调用CObject的Serialize成员,按其中的代码写入类中数据。  ((CObject*)pOb)-> Serialize(*this); }} CObject* CArchive::ReadObject(const CRuntimeClass* pClassRefRequested){  // attempt to load next stream as CRuntimeClass UINT nSchema; DWORD obTag; //先读入运行时类信息 CRuntimeClass* pClassRef = ReadClass(pClassRefRequested, &nSchema, &obTag);  // check to see if tag to already loaded object CObject* pOb; if (pClassRef == NULL) {  if (obTag > (DWORD)m_pLoadArray-> GetUpperBound())  {   // tag is too large for the number of objects read so far   AfxThrowArchiveException(CArchiveException::badIndex,    m_strFileName);  }   pOb = (CObject*)m_pLoadArray-> GetAt(obTag);  if (pOb != NULL && pClassRefRequested != NULL &&    !pOb-> IsKindOf(pClassRefRequested))  {   // loaded an object but of the wrong class   AfxThrowArchiveException(CArchiveException::badClass,    m_strFileName);  } } else {  // 建立对象  pOb = pClassRef-> CreateObject();  if (pOb == NULL)   AfxThrowMemoryException();   // Add to mapping array BEFORE de-serializing  CheckCount();  m_pLoadArray-> InsertAt(m_nMapCount++, pOb);   // Serialize the object with the schema number set in the archive  UINT nSchemaSave = m_nObjectSchema;  m_nObjectSchema = nSchema;  pOb-> Serialize(*this); //调用CObject的Serialize,按其中代码读入对象数据。  m_nObjectSchema = nSchemaSave;  ASSERT_VALID(pOb); }  return pOb;} ③运行时类信息的读写 为了避免众多重复的同类对象写入重复的类信息,CArchive中使用CMap对象储存和检索类信息。 void CArchive::WriteClass(const CRuntimeClass* pClassRef){ ASSERT(pClassRef != NULL); ASSERT(IsStoring());    // proper direction  if (pClassRef-> m_wSchema == 0xFFFF) {  TRACE1("Warning: Cannot call WriteClass/WriteObject for %hs.\n",   pClassRef-> m_lpszClassName);  AfxThrowNotSupportedException(); }  // make sure m_pStoreMap is initialized MapObject(NULL);  // write out class id of pOb, with high bit set to indicate // new object follows  // ASSUME: initialized to 0 map DWORD nClassIndex; if ((nClassIndex = (DWORD)(*m_pStoreMap)[(void*)pClassRef]) != 0) {  // previously seen class, write out the index tagged by high bit  if (nClassIndex < wBigObjectTag)   *this << (WORD)(wClassTag | nClassIndex);  else  {   *this << wBigObjectTag;   *this << (dwBigClassTag | nClassIndex);  } } else {  // store new class  *this << wNewClassTag;  pClassRef-> Store(*this);   // store new class reference in map, checking for overflow  CheckCount();  (*m_pStoreMap)[(void*)pClassRef] = (void*)m_nMapCount++; }} CRuntimeClass* CArchive::ReadClass(const CRuntimeClass* pClassRefRequested, UINT* pSchema, DWORD* pObTag){ ASSERT(pClassRefRequested == NULL ||  AfxIsValidAddress(pClassRefRequested, sizeof(CRuntimeClass), FALSE)); ASSERT(IsLoading());    // proper direction  if (pClassRefRequested != NULL && pClassRefRequested-> m_wSchema == 0xFFFF) {  TRACE1("Warning: Cannot call ReadClass/ReadObject for %hs.\n",   pClassRefRequested-> m_lpszClassName);  AfxThrowNotSupportedException(); }  // make sure m_pLoadArray is initialized MapObject(NULL);  // read object tag - if prefixed by wBigObjectTag then DWORD tag follows DWORD obTag; WORD wTag; *this >> wTag; if (wTag == wBigObjectTag)  *this >> obTag; else  obTag = ((wTag & wClassTag) << 16) | (wTag & ~wClassTag);  // check for object tag (throw exception if expecting class tag) if (!(obTag & dwBigClassTag)) {  if (pObTag == NULL)   AfxThrowArchiveException(CArchiveException::badIndex, m_strFileName);   *pObTag = obTag;  return NULL; }  CRuntimeClass* pClassRef; UINT nSchema; if (wTag == wNewClassTag) {  // new object follows a new class id  if ((pClassRef = CRuntimeClass::Load(*this, &nSchema)) == NULL)   AfxThrowArchiveException(CArchiveException::badClass, m_strFileName);   // check nSchema against the expected schema  if ((pClassRef-> m_wSchema & ~VERSIONABLE_SCHEMA) != nSchema)  {   if (!(pClassRef-> m_wSchema & VERSIONABLE_SCHEMA))   {    // schema doesn''t match and not marked as VERSIONABLE_SCHEMA    AfxThrowArchiveException(CArchiveException::badSchema,     m_strFileName);   }   else   {    // they differ -- store the schema for later retrieval    if (m_pSchemaMap == NULL)     m_pSchemaMap = new CMapPtrToPtr;    ASSERT_VALID(m_pSchemaMap);    m_pSchemaMap-> SetAt(pClassRef, (void*)nSchema);   }  }  CheckCount();  m_pLoadArray-> InsertAt(m_nMapCount++, pClassRef); } else {  // existing class index in obTag followed by new object  DWORD nClassIndex = (obTag & ~dwBigClassTag);  if (nClassIndex == 0 || nClassIndex > (DWORD)m_pLoadArray-> GetUpperBound())   AfxThrowArchiveException(CArchiveException::badIndex,    m_strFileName);   pClassRef = (CRuntimeClass*)m_pLoadArray-> GetAt(nClassIndex);  ASSERT(pClassRef != NULL);   // determine schema stored against objects of this type  void* pTemp;  BOOL bFound = FALSE;  nSchema = 0;  if (m_pSchemaMap != NULL)  {   bFound = m_pSchemaMap-> Lookup( pClassRef, pTemp );   if (bFound)    nSchema = (UINT)pTemp;  }  if (!bFound)   nSchema = pClassRef-> m_wSchema & ~VERSIONABLE_SCHEMA;   }  // check for correct derivation i


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